Although many scholars and collectors had concluded that there were no protest songs in the repertoire of Southern black singers in the early twentieth century, Lawrence Gellert successfully collected such material in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia between 1933 and 1937. Gellert compiled albums and songbooks from these field recordings, including Negro Songs of Protest, Cap'n You're So Mean, and Nobody Knows My Name. Gellert and his brother Hugo also published articles about traditional African American music in the Marxist magazine, Masses (later known as New Masses), between 1930 and 1947.